The Couple Therapy Connecting To Two Theories And Concepts - Sample

Question: Examine about The Couple Therapy Connecting To Two Theories And Concepts. Answer: The couple hypothesis is viewed as giving mentoring in a sort of a medium or a drawn out connections, regardless of whether it incorporates the marriage or a relationship based which is an accepted one (Baucom et al 2012; p. 239). In the film Unfaithful which was discharged in the year 2002, was about a couples name Edward Summer and Connie Summer. The couple lived in Manhattan and they were living with a kid. Be that as it may, the issue was about that there was an absence of enthusiasm between the couple. The absence of energy lead to the development of warmed contention and neglecting to see every others sentiments drove a break on the relationship. Again the spouse barely used to offer opportunity to his significant other in the wake of returning from office. This left a poor effect on the relationship, which made the spouse to begin an extra conjugal undertaking with a youthful respectable man name Paul. Be that as it may, subsequent to understanding her error, later on Connie n eeds to allow to their conjugal relationship. In a relationship, the significance of affection comprehension and energy is significant. Be that as it may, with time it evaporates because of some mental needs requests or considerations that a few needs from one another (Benson et al 2012; pp. 25-35; Johnson 2012). Unfit to do as such, would prompt the production of shortcoming in the connection. In this regard, the couple needs to take help from any instructor with the goal that they can control them through the procedure of critical thinking and comprehension (Benson et al 2012; pp. 25-35; Whisman and Beach 2012; pp. 526-535). The couple hypothesis is being rehearsed right now by numerous tertiary councilors who are qualified this incorporates the clinicians, specialists from various orders. The hypotheses are likewise useful in making to comprehend and take care of the issues between the two couples. The instance of Edward and Connie Summer had a portion of the recognized regular issues which are outrage and hostility, absence of closeness, the failure to take care of issues and troubles in correspondence (Synder et al 2012; pp. 229-249). These summarizes the general disappointment in the relationship. These also results to the improvement of the awful episode. Both Husband and Wife simultaneously have various qualities and needs for various ways of life. A similar way it went about as a hindrance in the joy of raising youngster and topping off the objectives of the family. Connie needed to evaluate the relationship by and by and chose to move toward an advisor (Synder et al 2012; pp. 229-249). The methodologies, for example, Psychodynamic approach where the instructor would profoundly dive into the matter of the relationship just to discover the starting point of the issues. It is essential to discover the challenges which are hampering the connection among a couple. The uncovering the issue can reveal the past accounts of sexual issues, any sorts of mental maltreatment or any sorts of insider facts that the couple chose to keep as mystery to one another (Wanlass and Scharff 2015; p.134; Carr and McNulty 2016). In this model, issues in the relationship can be called attention to through the execution of the advisors projective distinguishing proof. This is a term and a procedure which has its beginning in principle of personality propounded by Freud and later on used by some other advocate in the way of thinking of psychodynamic name Melanie Klein. In this methodology, the advisor advices customers about the examination that the specialist has derived subsequent to experie ncing the issues of the couple (Wanlass and Scharff 2015; p.134). The treatment is brief and less concentrated. The psychodynamic approach cause the customers to talk unreservedly about their issues to the specialist and the customers additionally take enthusiasm to talk about their issues. The Summer couple can go to this treatment and attempt to take care of out the issues by openly presenting their psyche to the specialist. The psychodynamic approach gives a more profound comprehension about the close connection between the couple and it is an ideal methodology for the couple who are confronting relationship issues. Along these lines, the whole issues lie in the way that the couple should be dealt with appropriately and with the assistance of this treatment, they can investigate their impact of past if any over their relationship and this treatment if being executed appropriately can unite the couple. The Psychodynamic approach can likewise assist the family with solving the quick causes and fulfill them whenever rewarded appropriately. Another significant couple hypothesis which could be go about as the couple hypothesis is the Gottmans way to deal with the couple hypothesis. In his work, Gottrman concentrated on the relationship of the people rather focusing on the people themselves. He accepts that the foundation of the marriage gets more grounded with the developing positive companionship with the accomplice and the interchanges to take care of the issue effectively (Gottman 2015; pp. 129-157). Gottam recommended that couples must deal with the affection map in every others life which consolidates dreams, goals, love and dread. The most significant methodology of Gottman is that the difficult which has caused struggle in their life can turn into the wellspring of joy of closeness of their life (Gurman 2015; pp 203-210). Both Edward and Connie needs enthusiasm for one another which came about to such a large number of contentions in their own life, through the comprehension of one another and furthermore counseli ng the advisor, the couple can discover approaches to interface with one another more and the positive estimations of the relationship would become further (Segraves 2012). Gottman concentrated on the examination that high power of the contention can emerge which lead to the heightening of the conduct. The scientist recommended that when both the couples are pursuing contention with one another and when it gets a lot of warmed then they should take in any event twenty minutes break and again after that they should begin drawing nearer to one another in a quiet mode (Gottman 2015; pp. 129-157). He additionally thought of the methodology of unwinding procedures which can give assistance to the accomplices to quiet down. This term is referred to in his language as Psychological mitigating and these are the measures for quieting down the warmed discussion between the couple. The methodology of Gottman discusses seven elements of the conjugal companionships. To begin with, the couple must take enthusiasm about their accomplices world. Second, social thankfulness for couple would sustain affection and regard. Third, the couple must be partial to one another n ot by overlooking one another. Fourth, the nearness of the level of common impact must be there for one another (Gottman 2015; pp. 129-157). Fifth, a critical thinking strategy ought to be embraced and the issues must be comprehended without any problem. 6th, mindfulness ought to be worked for one another and offer regard to their own fantasies and commitment. Seventh, the making of the coordination that every one of the accomplice must create in their relationship (Gottman 2015; pp. 129-157). The exact treatment plan would contain the accompanying components and they are History: The area incorporates data about any sorts of history that both couple looked regarding mental in previous existence and in the event that they are under any finding framework or not. Introducing the worries: The current worry in the relationship ought to be clarified about the couples looking for help from specialist. Treatment contract: The agreement for the treatment does the trick the objectives for the progress in the example of existing relationship. It is an arrangement which legitimizes the methodology of treatment that ought to be utilized (Davis, Lebow and Sprenkle 2012; pp. 36-48). Qualities: All along the arrangement, the advisor incorporates data about the people treatment. This could urge the people to pick up quality so as to access the objectives. Recurrence, Modality and Targets: Each objective which is proposed must contain the methodology of treatment. The meetings recurrence and furthermore the focused on dates can be utilized. Objectives of the treatment: These are the goals which would offer help to the couple who are in the treatment. The objectives ought to be reasonable and explicit with the goal that they are effectively reachable (Davis, Lebow and Sprenkle 2012; pp. 36-48). The objectives are the understanding which would give satisfaction to the couple, where in the relationship a trust can be created. Different objectives must define the stages and limits, where the couple must build up the relationship which is of a cognizant sort. Targets: Goals are partitioned into destinations which bolster the couple who is getting help through the fulfillment of the objectives which are bigger (Davis, Lebow and Sprenkle 2012; pp. 36-48). Intercessions: Goals consolidate procedures and intercede of the expert of the couple specialist to assist the couple with achieving an objective which can at long last reestablish the relationship by giving a solid arrangement dependent on the relationship issues of the couple (Halford et al 2012; pp. 49-60). Specialist would screen the advancement appropriately and would check how the enhancements in the relationship. Results/Progress: The results or the advancement of the work is recorded under every objective. Subsequent to looking into the treatment plan, the area of the advancement makes a note of how the movement of the things is heading outside and within the meeting (Davis, Lebow and Sprenkle 2012; pp. 36-48). This is a precise portrayal of the arrangement for the couple Edward and Connie Summer which is Achievable and Measurable undeniably. Each progression is important to fuse in the arrangement to acquire improvements the relationship status of the couple. Subsequently the significance of this arrangement ought to be mulled over. To close, it could be expressed that both Edward and Connie Summer should look for help by following the various methodologies of Psychodynamic and Gottams approach of Couple hypothesis can come being used so as to cause their relationship to create with time and thrive. In conclusion, a p

Corporate Finance Capital and Funding

Question: Examine about the Corporate Finance Capital and Funding. Answer: Presentation The corporate account is characterized as a specific territory of money that manages the financing source and the capital structure of the association and the exercises that the directors take for upgrading the estimation of the business to the investors (Brealey et al. 2012). What's more, the corporate account is utilized as the instrument that helps in breaking down and allotting the monetary assets (Damodaran 2016). In this manner, the counseling firms for the most part give the budgetary guidance by utilizing the ideas of corporate money. In this task, the association named National Australia Bank has been chosen so as to give money related exhortation in regards to the monetary condition and budgetary situation of the firm in the current serious market. So as to offer budgetary support to the firm, the foundation of the specific firm, its current money related standing including the data with respect to its offer worth, advertise worth and obligation to benefit proportion have been examined. Notwithstanding these, the latest capital raising movement like obligation financing and value financing have likewise been concentrated in detail. In conclusion, contingent upon the money related methodology of the specific association, the techniques for raising the organization reserves have likewise be dissected and as needs be exhortation has been given to National Australia Bank with respect to raising assets and its budgetary situation in the market. Organization Background The association National Australia Bank is an open organization that is enrolled in the Australian Stock Exchange as NAB. The specific firm has a place with the banking and money related administrations segment that was established in the year 1982 as National Commercial Banking Corporation of Australia Limited (Capital.nab.com.au 2016). The predefined firm is headquartered at Melbourne in Australia and serves across Australia, Asia and New Zealand. Andrew Thorburn is the CEO of the association, though, Kenneth R Henry AC is the Chairman of the firm. The fundamental items served by the firm National Australia Bank incorporate Business banking, Wholesale banking, Consumer Banking and Wealth the executives protection. According to the yearly report of the firm for the year 2015, the income was A$ 20.176 billion, the net gain was A$ 6.357 billion and the absolute resources were around A$ 945.0 billion (Capital.nab.com.au 2016). Then again, according to the year 2016, the complete quantities of representatives are 35,063 (Capital.nab.com.au 2016). It has been discovered that the specific firm is considered as one of the four biggest financial organizations of the nation dependent on its market capitalization and customers. In the year 2014, National Australia Bank was positioned 21st biggest bank over the world dependent on its market capitalization and was positioned 41st biggest bank over the world dependent on its all out resources (Capital.nab.com.au 2016). The specific firm has a sum of 1590 help places and branches and around 4412 ATMs all through Australia, Asia and New Zealand that offers types of assistance to around 12.7 million customers (Capital.nab.com.au 2016). Current Financial Condition of National Australia Bank The examination of the budgetary state of a firm encourages an investigator to comprehend the current circumstance of the firm and furthermore assists with assessing its future (Coles, Lemmon and Meschke 2012). Contingent upon the authentic presentation and the present monetary state of the firm, the future can be anticipated and broke down. In view of this examination, an organization ought to put resources into long haul or momentary objective as needs be. In addition, this budgetary examination will likewise assist the firm with proofing its soundness in regards to the two its money related and affordable status (Roberts and Whited 2012). Furthermore, a positive aftereffect of the examination will likewise assist the firm with attracting more speculators. Subsequently, so as to all the more likely comprehend the present monetary state of the association National Australia Bank, its reasonable worth, share worth and obligation to benefit proportion have been investigated. The market esteem is otherwise called showcase capitalization of a traded on an open market association. It is commonly achieved by the increase of the quantity of extraordinary stocks with the current cost of the offer. The market estimation of an association goes about as a decent marker of the impression of the financial specialists with respect to the possibilities of the business. The higher market esteem suggests the firm has a more noteworthy valuation. It has been discovered that the market capitalization for the association National Australia Bank is AUD 71.151 billion (Bloomberg.com 2016). This suggests the specific firm has a higher valuation in the current market. Then again, from a definite verifiable examination, it tends to be said that the offer cost of the firm National Australia Bank stayed steady for an entire year that is from September 2015 till today (September 2016). During September 2015, the offer cost was around AUD 26.17 then it began to increment continually till December, 2015 and came to AUD 27.72 (In.finance.yahoo.com 2016). Be that as it may, the stock cost diminished absolutely to 25.39 in January 2016, however it again began to increment unexpectedly and according to today, the stock cost of the specific firm is AUD 26.78 (In.finance.yahoo.com 2016). From this, it very well may be said that the money related state of the firm is steady and because of its both prudent and monetary steadiness, more financial specialists will put their reserve and put resources into this firm National Australia Bank for gaining a more return. As it were, it can likewise be said that because of its continually expanding share value, the valua tion of the firm additionally enhances with the progression of time. For the most part, the obligation to benefit proportion shows the measure of obligation of a firm in regard to its benefit rate. Hence, it tends to be said that the lower the proportion will be it is better for the firm. In any case, for the financial area, the obligation to benefit proportion is similarly more than different ventures. It is about 3.1, however for the firm National Australia Bank, this proportion is identical to 2.62 (Markets.ft.com 2016). This infers the specific firm has a superior monetary condition than some other banks in the present serious market. Ongoing Capital Raising Activity It is a basic factor for each firm to raise or increment its capital, as it is the key component that causes the business to work and control effectively. There are different exercises that help an association to raise its capital, in any case, the most valuable exercises incorporate value financing and obligation financing. In this way, it has been discovered that the firm National Australia Bank likewise executes this technique for raising its capital. It has been discovered that the specific firm has actualized both the techniques. Along these lines, the all out liabilities of the association expanded from $ 48197 million in the year 2014 to $ 55217 million in the year 2015 (Nab.com.au 2016). Also, from nitty gritty examination, it tends to be said that organizations stores and different borrowings have surely expanded from $ 374538 million in the year 2014 to $ 391785 million in the year 2015 (Nab.com.au 2016). This demonstrates National Australia Bank has decided on obligation f inancing. Moreover, it has been discovered that the value of the firm has likewise expanded from $ 48197 million out of 2014 to $ 55217 million in the year 2015 (Nab.com.au 2016). In addition, the contributed value of National Australia Bank has positively expanded from $ 27856 million to $ 34407 million in the year 2015 (Nab.com.au 2016). From this it tends to be said that National Australia Bank additionally actualizes the value financing. Budgetary Strategy of National Australia Bank It has been discovered that there are different budgetary procedures that the vast majority of the banks use so as to raise the assets of the specific association. These incorporate raising endeavor and development capital, merger and procurement, divestitures, buyouts by the monetary patrons, side projects, private situations and upset obligation (Flannery and Hankins 2013). The other budgetary procedures incorporate mezzanine financings, capital rebuilding, purchase outs, right issues, debentures and organized venture and convertible items. In any case, it has been discovered that the predetermined firm National Australia Bank actualizes the accompanying money related techniques including exchanging subordinates, budgetary liabilities at reasonable worth, supporting procedures, demerger, acquisitions, divestments, raising endeavor, monetary backers, debentures and convertible items (Nab.com.au 2016). Therefore, it tends to be said that by executing all these budgetary methodologies inside the firm National Australia Bank, the association can augment the estimation of its investors. This likewise describes the exhibition of the firm and decides the approaches to raise its working assets by expanding the arrival on ventures (Vernimmen et al. 2014). Then again, the monetary procedures examination causes the business to draw a reasonable picture with respect to the objectives and targets of the association. This additionally assists with distinguishing the objectives of the association and assists with keeping center around the gainfulness of the firm. Nonetheless, the focal point of the money related techniques advisers for comprehend the business edge of the firm that is communicated as far as rates of benefit. The expanded measure of benefit encourages the specific firm to acquire more investors as the valuation of the organization builds (Waegelein and Finance 2014). All these assistance to build the market capitalization of the firm and along these lines, it tends to be said that the usage of the monetary methodologies in the general tasks of the firm assistance to upgrade its activities. Additionally, the expanded valuation likewise enables the predetermined firm National Australia To bank to run better in the serious marke t as the high estimation of the firm assists with surveying the chance of achievement and genuine results. Moreover, the fuse of the money related systems in the firm he

7 Steps for Critical Thinking

7 Steps for Critical Thinking EP 52: 7 Steps for Critical Thinking EP 52: 7 Steps for Critical Thinking Critical thinking is important in the academic world but it can also be translated into your life and career. When you learn critical thinking it can help you take control over your own education and also have more empathy for other points of view. Today we are giving you 7-steps for critical thinking as designed by Scheffer and Rubenfeld. Join Cath Anne on Episode 52 for more on critical thinking. Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: [00:00:00] Hi guys and welcome back to our channel. My name is Cath Anne and this is Episode 52 of The Homework Help Show hosted by Homework Help Global here on the show we provide you with valuable content for your academic and student life. Lets jump in. This day and age we always have a significant amount of information coming out of us on a daily basis in academia and in everyday life. Cath Anne: [00:00:32] It is important to think critically about all of the information that we acquire. Critical thinking is important in the academic world but it can also translate into your everyday life as well as your career. When you learn critical thinking you can take control over your education. Cath Anne: [00:00:52] And you will also learn to develop more empathy and understanding for a variety of different perspectives. This translates very well into the career world. Cath Anne: [00:01:03] Everyday life as well as academia. Today we are giving you seven steps for critical thinking as designed by Schaeffer and Rubinfeld. We hope that these steps can help you to incorporate critical thinking skills into your everyday life as well as your academic career. Cath Anne: [00:01:23] Number one is analyzing separating or breaking a hole into perks in order to discover their nature function and relationships. Cath Anne: [00:01:34] Think of phrases like I studied it piece by piece I sorted things out. Step number two youre looking at applying standards here you are judging information based on established professional personal or social rules. These can be things like codes of ethics social mores or even classroom guidelines. Essentially youre taking information and applying it to a set of rules. Think of phrases like I judged it according to. A code of ethics for example number three we are looking at discriminating here. Youre looking at distinguishing differences or similarities amongst things or situations with a mind for ranking or categorizing them. Here. Discrimination does not take on a negative connotation. Rather it refers to the process of sorting out like with like. Consider phrases like I rank ordered the various, or I grouped things together. Cath Anne: [00:02:44] Number 4 were looking at information seeking. Here you are searching for evidence facts or knowledge based on relevant resources your gathering objective subjective historical knowledge from the sources and identifying whether it is relevant to the topic at hand. Think of this like the process of gathering information and research prior to writing an essay. Consider phrases like I knew I needed to look up or study. I kept searching for data on. Cath Anne: [00:03:17] Step number 5, logical reasoning drawing inferences or conclusions based on the evidence you have gathered here. Taking the information you have gathered and applying your logic to it consider phrases like I adopted from the consider phrases like I deducted from the information that or my rationale for this conclusion was essentially youre taking the information and the data you have gathered and applying your reasoning skills to that data. Cath Anne: [00:03:51] Step number 6, predicting envisioning a plan and its consequences here you are taking the conclusions and the information that you have already gathered and predicting what they might look like in the future. Youre also looking at what they may imply for the future. Think of phrases like I envision the outcome would be or I anticipated the following. Cath Anne: [00:04:16] Finally, youre looking at transforming knowledge changing or converting the condition, nature, form or function of concepts in differing contexts. Essentially you are taking all of the information and conclusions that you have drawn from the other six steps and youre looking at how this might translate into new knowledge that we havent seen before. Consider phrases like I improved on the basics by or I wondered how this information might fit into such in such a context. So youre taking the information transforming it into new knowledge and looking at how it might apply in different contexts. Pretty neat. So those are the seven steps for critical thinking. They are a little bit in depth so if you do want some more information on critical thinking we have some really great videos on the channel. In particular you might want to check out Episode 39 which discusses critical thinking as well as the course and technique. Okay that is it for me this week guys. I hope that these steps have been of benefit to you and that you might think about how to incorporate critical thinking into your own life career or your academic world. Cath Anne: [00:05:42] If you did like this video dont forget to give it a like and subscribe to our channel. If you have any questions or comments always jump into the comments section below. We love to hear from our subscribers. If you want to connect with us on social media or any of our other platforms all of our information is linked and listed in the description box below. Thank you guys so much for joining me on Episode 52 of The Homework Help Show. I hope these videos have been helpful for you and we will talk soon. Take care. 7 Steps for Critical Thinking EP 52: 7 Steps for Critical Thinking EP 52: 7 Steps for Critical Thinking Critical thinking is important in the academic world but it can also be translated into your life and career. When you learn critical thinking it can help you take control over your own education and also have more empathy for other points of view. Today we are giving you 7-steps for critical thinking as designed by Scheffer and Rubenfeld. Join Cath Anne on Episode 52 for more on critical thinking. Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: [00:00:00] Hi guys and welcome back to our channel. My name is Cath Anne and this is Episode 52 of The Homework Help Show hosted by Homework Help Global here on the show we provide you with valuable content for your academic and student life. Lets jump in. This day and age we always have a significant amount of information coming out of us on a daily basis in academia and in everyday life. Cath Anne: [00:00:32] It is important to think critically about all of the information that we acquire. Critical thinking is important in the academic world but it can also translate into your everyday life as well as your career. When you learn critical thinking you can take control over your education. Cath Anne: [00:00:52] And you will also learn to develop more empathy and understanding for a variety of different perspectives. This translates very well into the career world. Cath Anne: [00:01:03] Everyday life as well as academia. Today we are giving you seven steps for critical thinking as designed by Schaeffer and Rubinfeld. We hope that these steps can help you to incorporate critical thinking skills into your everyday life as well as your academic career. Cath Anne: [00:01:23] Number one is analyzing separating or breaking a hole into perks in order to discover their nature function and relationships. Cath Anne: [00:01:34] Think of phrases like I studied it piece by piece I sorted things out. Step number two youre looking at applying standards here you are judging information based on established professional personal or social rules. These can be things like codes of ethics social mores or even classroom guidelines. Essentially youre taking information and applying it to a set of rules. Think of phrases like I judged it according to. A code of ethics for example number three we are looking at discriminating here. Youre looking at distinguishing differences or similarities amongst things or situations with a mind for ranking or categorizing them. Here. Discrimination does not take on a negative connotation. Rather it refers to the process of sorting out like with like. Consider phrases like I rank ordered the various, or I grouped things together. Cath Anne: [00:02:44] Number 4 were looking at information seeking. Here you are searching for evidence facts or knowledge based on relevant resources your gathering objective subjective historical knowledge from the sources and identifying whether it is relevant to the topic at hand. Think of this like the process of gathering information and research prior to writing an essay. Consider phrases like I knew I needed to look up or study. I kept searching for data on. Cath Anne: [00:03:17] Step number 5, logical reasoning drawing inferences or conclusions based on the evidence you have gathered here. Taking the information you have gathered and applying your logic to it consider phrases like I adopted from the consider phrases like I deducted from the information that or my rationale for this conclusion was essentially youre taking the information and the data you have gathered and applying your reasoning skills to that data. Cath Anne: [00:03:51] Step number 6, predicting envisioning a plan and its consequences here you are taking the conclusions and the information that you have already gathered and predicting what they might look like in the future. Youre also looking at what they may imply for the future. Think of phrases like I envision the outcome would be or I anticipated the following. Cath Anne: [00:04:16] Finally, youre looking at transforming knowledge changing or converting the condition, nature, form or function of concepts in differing contexts. Essentially you are taking all of the information and conclusions that you have drawn from the other six steps and youre looking at how this might translate into new knowledge that we havent seen before. Consider phrases like I improved on the basics by or I wondered how this information might fit into such in such a context. So youre taking the information transforming it into new knowledge and looking at how it might apply in different contexts. Pretty neat. So those are the seven steps for critical thinking. They are a little bit in depth so if you do want some more information on critical thinking we have some really great videos on the channel. In particular you might want to check out Episode 39 which discusses critical thinking as well as the course and technique. Okay that is it for me this week guys. I hope that these steps have been of benefit to you and that you might think about how to incorporate critical thinking into your own life career or your academic world. Cath Anne: [00:05:42] If you did like this video dont forget to give it a like and subscribe to our channel. If you have any questions or comments always jump into the comments section below. We love to hear from our subscribers. If you want to connect with us on social media or any of our other platforms all of our information is linked and listed in the description box below. Thank you guys so much for joining me on Episode 52 of The Homework Help Show. I hope these videos have been helpful for you and we will talk soon. Take care.

Methodology of the Offshore Sector in Mauritius - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1825 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? This section comprises of the data sources, the specific variables used and the statistical tools for analysis. The following shows the broken down into sub-sections of the analysis carried out in the process of evaluating the offshore sector of Mauritius: Econometric analysis: Evaluating the significance of tax incentives in attracting FDI and PINV through Mauritius offshore sector. Double treaty taxation (DTT) and Mauritius Types of companies operating in the offshore sector of Mauritius Comparison with other offshore jurisdictions Contribution of the offshore sector in the local economy DTT and relationship between India and Mauritius Evaluation of the current situation Proposed solutions Evaluation of the proposed solutions Case study Vodafone Indian Premier League (IPL) Future prospects: Mauritius offers gateway to Africa Asia Trade To facilitate the description of the methodology used, we will separate the explanation used for the econometric analysis from the rest of the analysis. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Methodology of the Offshore Sector in Mauritius" essay for you Create order 3.2 Methodology of Econometric Analysis: 3.2.1 Data Collection The quantitative data employed were obtained from the annual reports of the world regulatory bodies, namely World Economic Outlook from the International Monetary Fund and World Development Indicators from the World Bank. Both institutions are functioning to promote international monetary collaboration, safe financial stability and encouraging the vision of ongoing globalization. Further data used were extracted from the Mauritius Revenue Authority and Central Statistics Office. The vital aspects of those data sources are reliability and quality. The time frame used has been assembled from 1981 to 2007 due to availability of the data. All data utilized were used annually. 3.2.2 Theoretical justification for the use of selected variables: In order to run the right methodology, the choice of the appropriate variables is imperative. The variables are identified as follows; The concepts of FDI and PINV have already been discussed in the literature review. The definitions of the tax incentives given below are largely inspired by the income tax act 1995. Reduced Corporate Income Tax (CIT) This type of incentive is quite simple to administer. To be able to attract investment in some specific regions and sections, the government generally amends the legislation and offers a lower CIT rate as an exception to the general tax regime. This implies that the firms will be able to keep a higher percentage of their profit. Theory suggests that there is a negative relationship between investment and after tax return cost of capital. Investment allowance These are deductions from taxable income based on some percentage of a new investment. Such allowances are attractive in the sense that they tend to lower the effe ctive price of acquiring capital. Investment tends to move in the same direction as investment allowances. Inflation One key variable in determining the investment is the inflationary rate. Inflation ambiguity in the host nation is damagingly linked with capital inflows. A high rate of inflation has a tendency to illustrate a rise in risk, indicating inner economic unsteadiness. Openness This variable plays an important key role in the contribution of capital inflows and acts as an approximate for volatility as well as an engine for growth. It permits transfer of capital, knowledge and enhancing better competition. A greater degree of openness tends to improve the investment movement. Market size Emerging countries per capita income growth rates are generally high, and they are frequently expected to keep on growing. This encourages market seeking investors. Gross domestic product will be used as a proxy for market size. GDP growth tends to have an optimistic influ ence on inflows mainly based on effective resource management and successful use of economies of scale. Worldwide Growth Worldwide growth entails the overall performance of developed, developing and under-developed countries across the globe. The worldwide growth indicator used is the global GDP. The investment profile of the host country is greatly influenced by the foreign investors financial health. It should be noted that other variables such as Literacy, Labour Force, International Tourism Receipt, Manufacturing value added (as a % of growth) and ICT goods exports (as a % of total exports) were initially computed in the regression but were removed when they were found very insignificant to attract FDI or PINV. Moreover, the Double taxation Treaty has not been used in this econometric model and will be evaluated separately in more depth as the econometric model is analysing the FDI and private investment of Mauritius as a whole (all countries altogether, not individu ally) to have a broad overview of the incentives affecting investment of Mauritius. 3.2.3 Model Specification In order to consider the impact of the diverse variables on different capital inflows, the following models are developed. The models are tailored to the Mauritian economy. Our first model will be based on FDI, which is the most important investment inflow in Mauritius. FDI= ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²0+ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1 FDI t-1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2 CIT + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3 InvAll +ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²4 INFL + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²5 OPEN+ ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²6 GDPt+ ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²7 WldGth +u t Where, FDI = Foreign direct investment inflows (percentage of GDP) FDI t-1 = Past foreign direct investment inflows (percentage of GDP) CIT = Corporate Income Tax InvAll = Investment Allowance INFL = Inflation rate GDPt = Gross Domestic Product growth rate operates as a proxy for market size. OPEN = Openness, defined as the sum of imports and exports divided by GDP WldGth = Worldwide Growth rate Ut = Random error term Another model is designed in order to demonstrate the extent to which tax incentives affect PINV. PINV = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²0+ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1 PINVt-1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2 CIT + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3 InvAll +ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²4 INFL +ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²5 OPEN+ ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²6GDPt+ ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²7 WldGth +u t Where, PINV = Private investment [Private Gross Domestic Fixed Capital Formation] (percentage of GDP) PINV t-1= Past private investment (percentage of GDP) As discussed above, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²5, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²6 and ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²7 are positive coefficients where as ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²4 tend to be negative ones. 3.2.4 Analysis Techniques. The technique of analysis used will be based on an Ordinary Least Squares regression where various tests will be carried out. OLS is often used as an optimal estimator for estimating the unknown parameters in a linear regression model. With this technique we can draw reliable conclusions about the relationship that exists between the variables in the model. Linked to the OLS analysis, the underlying time series will face the subsequent tests namely, the tests of stationarity, multicollinearity, autocorrelation, cointegration and Error Correction Model which will be later explained in detail. 3.3 Methodology of the rest of the analysis 3.3.1 Description of the analysis This analysis is not only limited to the use of the econometric method but also to a wide range of different techniques. Moreover, there has the use of formative and summative evaluation. Formative evaluations fortify or enhance the point being examined they evaluate the whole system, the qualitative aspect of the implementation, perform complete evaluation of the factor inputs, procedures and managerial aspect of the product. Summative evaluations, on the other hand, evaluate the impact or the result of some objects they review the whole system by analysing whether the object may have caused this result, finding out the net impact of the underlying factor not only for the short-run target outcomes, and calculating the relative costs arising from the object. Formative evaluation consists of numerous evaluation types: Requires assessment examining the current system, estimating the level of the needs and what can be carried out to overcome the need Assessment evaluation the feasibility of an evaluation and how its usefulness can be enhanced. Concept Structure- defining step by step process of the program and the possible outcomes Functioning Assessment supervise the reliability of the program delivered. Process evaluation inspect the development of the program, together with substitute delivery procedures. Summative Evaluation consists of the following: Result assessment Check if the program demonstrated significant effects on the particular defined target results Impact assessment Broad assessment of the overall or net effects of the program as a whole. Cost-Efficiency and Cost-Benefit analysis measures efficiency by linking outcomes to the dollar costs and values. Secondary evaluation reassessment of the current data to solve new questions or using techniques not utilize before. Meta-analysis combines the results from various studies to come to a final overall summary conclusion on an evaluation query. In work ing out this project, data has mainly been collected from reports from different institutions, pieces of legislations, case studies, official statistics, surveys and interviews. We have made use of various techniques to evaluate the offshore sector of Mauritius namely econometric regression, charts, tables, cross-section analysis and cost-benefit analysis. Methodology of the analysis is explained as follows: DTT and Mauritius: In this section, based on the researches carried out, which were mentioned in the literature review, Mauritius offshore sector was evaluated to see whether it was in line with the theoretical study. A thorough evaluation of the FDI is made by examining the effect of pre and post DTT on FDI classified according to country of origin and examining the major investments by these countries in Mauritius. Contribution of the offshore sector in the local economy The link that exists between the offshore sector and the economy can be studied by considering the contribution of the financial services to GDP. Data was collected from the Central Statistical Office (CSO) and was evaluated throughout the period. Types of companies operating in the offshore sector of Mauritius Each type of company operating in the offshore sector of Mauritius has different specification and is being used in a distinct way to a particular purpose. A study was carried out to point out the importance and difference of the Global Business category 1 (GBC1) and Global Business category 2 (GBC2), which are the two most important types of offshore sector companies in Mauritius. A comparison with other offshore jurisdictions such as Seychelles, Hong Kong and Dubai is carried out. DTT and relationship between India and Mauritius First, an assessment of the current situation was carried out to identify all the issues involved in the Indo-Mauritian double taxation treaty. Second, the reasons why Mauritius has become the preferred route to invest in India were explored. Third, India has passed the Direct Tax Code (DTC) bill, an attempt to remedy this situation. An evaluation of the proposed remedy was carried out pointing out the impact and the loopholes it has. Fourth, the case study of Vodafone and Indian Premier League was carried out to show how the double tax treaty works in real life situation. Mauritius offers gateway to Africa Asia Trade In this section, the rising interest of India and China to invest massively in Africa is highlighted and how Mauritius can be used to act as a middleman in helping the investment to take place smoothly is being evaluated. The evaluation illustrates how Mauritius is quickly transforming into a key centre for offshore banking mostly in Africa. Conclusion This chapter is an important step in assessing the impact of the tax regime on the Mauritian investments. The findings derived from the above OLS regressions will help to determine the significant factors attracting investment in Mauritius. Moreover, the offshore sector has been evaluated in every aspect particularly its current position to act as a gateway to Asia Africa trade and also as the jurisdiction that provides the route to Indian Investors to evade capital gains tax.

Netflix Operations Management Report - 4633 Words

NETFLIX OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive SummaryÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…2 IntroductionÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….3 Netflix Process StrategyÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…3 Competitive ClimateÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..5 Competitive StrategyÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….7 Inventory ManagementÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…10 Supply-Chain ManagementÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….11 Management CritiqueÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…12 Future InnovationÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..14 ConclusionÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….16 APPENDIX Exhibit 1 Ââ€" Process Flow DiagramÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….A-1 Exhibit 2 Ââ€" Video Market ChartÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..A-2 Exhibit 3 Ââ€" House of QualityÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…A-3 Exhibit 4 Ââ€" Graph of the Pareto PrincipleÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..A-3 Exhibit 5 Ââ€" Inventory Flow†¦show more content†¦Netflix is exceptional in this process strategy which is vital to their success. Not only does these just-in-time delivery systems reduce inventories but also increases customer satisfaction. This does however increase the amount of pressure on the software to work correctly all of the time. In order to increase the reliability of this software there are redundancies added as well as continual internal inspection. The redundancies are in place to double check that the correct orders are being sent out to the correct addresses. The inspection is done randomly but frequently at the source to monitor the accuracy of the software and the efficiency of DVD distribution. These extra efforts ensure the quality of service and customer fulfillment which effectively has allowed Netflix to gain the lead market share. Competitive Climate There are many competitors for the entertainment dollars of the consumer. Not only does Netflix compete with other in-home filmed entertainment companies like Blockbuster, but also with cable and subscription television, as well as with retail stores which sell DVDs like Amazon. The DVD format for in home entertainment viewing has become increasingly popular. Over the last four years DVD sales has overpasses the sales of the VHS format and continues to grow. Exhibit-2 is a chart that shows the growth of DVD household in comparison to VHR households over the last ten years. Because NetflixShow MoreRelatedNetflix Is The Worlds Leading Internet Television Network1149 Words   |  5 PagesErnst Young LLP (2015), Netflix â€Å"is the world’s leading Internet television network with over 57 million streaming members in nearly 50 countries (p. 1).† Since its launch in 2007, Netflix has expanded streaming services internationally into Canada, Latin A merica, and Europe (Ernst Young LLP, 2015). However, to continue its success, Netflix must evolve with its business strategy, evaluate the company’s outlook, minimize risk factors, and analyze the auditor’s report that will help investorsRead MoreBenefits Of Using New Virtual Technologies1323 Words   |  6 Pagesendless number of products and services (Markus, T. 2008). Netflix is a good example of an e-commerce industry. Founded in 1997 by Marc Randolph and Reed Hastings in Scotts Valley, California, Netflix Inc. was a movie-rental business by mail as many other offline video providers. In 1999, since the company was not satisfied with their sales numbers, they launched their Internet streaming media service. The virtual change made Netflix an outstanding company among other offline video providers byRead MoreTaking a Look at Netflix1309 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction Netflix is an American provider of on-demand Internet streaming media providing entertainment media like movies and television shows through Internet accessible to viewers in North America South America and some region in Europe such as Sweden, Finland, Ireland etc. and DVD by mail in the United States. Netflix was founded in Scotts Valley, California, in August of 1997 by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph. It was Hasting’s idea when he was forced to pay overdue charges on a videotapeRead MoreNetflix Inc. And Its International Global Operations Expansions Abroad1583 Words   |  7 Pagesthe major competitors introduced. We will be examining Netflix Inc. and its international/global operations expansions abroad. Netflix Inc.’s company profiles indicates that its international market is responsible for 27% of the company’s revenue, and the expectation of expansion would increase the international market performance revenue to 80%, as revenue is slowing down dome stically (Scott, 2014). According to Business Journal, Netflix Inc. has decided to accelerate its market, with additionalRead MoreNetflix : Strategic Management At The Business Level Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pages In relation to strategic management at the business level, Netflix is a good example considering the various strategies that the management, led by Reed Hastings has been able to develop. Through decades, Netflix organization has been forced by both the internal and external factors to develop sustainable strategies in order to coup with the ever changing business environment. Good team working has also enabled Hastings to maintain the business at the top position when comparedRead MoreNetflix Case Study Analysis1531 Words   |  7 Pagesissues that arise The Officers, which is Netflix’s top management team have to tackle the issues that the company incurs to remain successful. Some of the issues that had to be address regarding the debacle was repair the PR damage caused by the price increase debacle. Since, the Officers had to address this issue the question to address, is did Netflix underestimate the push-back from the price increase? III. External Environment Netflix has proven to be a force in the entertainment market toRead MoreNetflix : A Competitive Market Essay1265 Words   |  6 Pagessoon be extinct. Netflix is currently utilized in 190 countries and projecting expansion to over 200 countries within the next two years. CEO Reed Hastings and CFO David Wells wrote to their investors stating: â€Å"Progress has been so strong that we now believe we can complete our global expansion over the next two years, while staying profitable, which is earlier than we expected†. Strategically, Netflix decided that now is time to expand globally. As a result, Netflix ended the year of 2014Read MoreBusiness Intelligence Is The Broadest Category And Encompasses Essay1283 Words   |  6 Pagescategory and encompasses the other three terms here (at least as they’re used in a business IT context). BI is data-driven decision-making. It includes the generation, aggregation, analysis, and visualization of data to inform and facilitate business management and strategizing. All the other terms refer to some aspect of how information is gathered or crunched, while BI goes beyond the data t o include what business leaders actually do with the insights they glean from it. BI therefore is not strictlyRead MoreNetflix Inc : Marketing Analysis1706 Words   |  7 PagesNetflix Inc: Marketing Analysis By Eugene Simonov Washington Adventist University ECON 528 April 3, 2016 Abstract This paper examines and analyzes the marketing aspect of Netflix Inc. To develop a clear idea of the entertainment industry, this paper explores the background of Netflix Inc. and the present market conditions of its competitors. This paper finds that Netflix Inc. is the fastest growing online entertainment platform in the market. However, due to the nature of the industry it has manyRead MoreNetflix : Marketing Analysis And The Market Conditions Of Its Competitors1707 Words   |  7 Pages Netflix: Marketing Analysis By Eugene Simonov Washington Adventist University ECON 528 April 4, 2016 Abstract This paper examines and analyzes the marketing aspect of Netflix Inc. To develop a clear idea of the entertainment industry, this paper explores the background of Netflix Inc. and the present market conditions of its competitors. This paper finds that Netflix Inc. is the fastest growing online entertainment platform in the market. However, due to the nature of the industry it

Defining Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Free Essays

In order to move forward clinically or in research to address the problem of emotional and behavior disorders one must first have a solid definitive grasp on the nature of the problem and what it ultimately is, definitionally. Unfortunately, there’s no universally accepted definition for emotional and behavioral disorders. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) defines the disorder as followers: â€Å"a condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree, which adversely affects educational performance: An inability to learn which cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors. We will write a custom essay sample on Defining Emotional and Behavioral Disorders or any similar topic only for you Order Now An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers. Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances. A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression. A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems† (Council for exceptional, 2011). The federal definition also includes those children who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia, but excludes children who are socially maladjusted unless they are seriously emotionally disturbed (Ibid). Gargiulo points out that although research continue to argue over a concrete definition of emotional and behavioral disorders, there are some common denominator/factors in the various definitions. He indicates four key factors that an individual must exhibit that will contribute to diagnosis of emotional and behavioral disorder. 1. There must be a high frequency (or rate) at which the behavior occurs. 2. The high intensity of the behavior. 3. The length or duration of the behavior. And 4. The age appropriateness of the behavior (Gargiulo, 2006). The terms emotional and behavioral disorders, mental disorders, emotional disturbance, behavioral disorders, and mental illness are all umbrella terms that are often used interchangeably in the field and in the literature. Beneath these terms, there is a wide range of specific conditions all different from one another in their characteristics and in their treatment (National dissemination center, 2010). Some examples of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders are, adjustment disorder, anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, selective mutism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, anorexia nervosa disorder, bipolar/manic depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, and anxiety disorder. How to cite Defining Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, Papers

Employee Resourcing free essay sample

Their business approach and culture is very different from other competitors. Examples of their different culture are; no dress code, flexible working hours and spending lavishly on the recruitment process. Around 700, mostly young employees work under Trilogy and its Director of college recruiting Mr. Jeff Daniel expects the employees to â€Å"commit their expertise and vitality to everything they do†. Trilogy has an expensive and aggressive employee recruitment strategy that includes training at the companys Trilogy University. The new employees joined will undergo an intensive training program at their in-house training facility known as â€Å"Trilogy University†. Recruiters tend to select the ambitious, over achievers with entrepreneurial instincts from the campus recruitment method being the fresher’s in the job market. Trilogy’s recruitment interviews are said to be very intense at the same time an interview day will end with lot of adventure and fun activities for both recruiters and interviewers, which makes a strong bond between new comers and the managers. We will write a custom essay sample on Employee Resourcing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For Trilogy recruiting is not just a high priority its a company-wide mission. Its mission is to recruit the best of the best?. For that reason Trilogy uses very costly recruiting techniques: The Company spent $13,000 per hire with 262 college graduates were selected from short listed 4000 candidates, and this short listing was from 15000 applications! Q1. Identify some of the established recruiting techniques that underlie Trilogy’s unconventional approach to attracting talent? The company Trilogy, aggressively pursues the least experienced people in the job market.At many college campuses island wide, in career fairs and computer-science departments, looking for students who represent what Daniel calls whom are expected to totally commit their expertise and vitality in everything they do†. In other words, he looks for young, talented over achievers with entrepreneurial ambition – people. The top managers, including CEO of the company, conduct the first round of  inter views, letting all applicants know that it would be hard, but rewarding experience.

Agias, from the Doachos Monument

Agias, from the Doachos Monument Agias, from the Doachos MonumentThroughout the history of Greek art, the fourth century classical, or late classical, includes very careful attention to the anatomy of the human body. This is especially true in the sculptures created. There were even formulas for calculating the "ideal" proportions of the human body that sculptors would follow. A proficient example of a sculpture from this period is the Agias, from the Doachos Monument. The sculptor is believed to be Lysippos. The monument was a gift from King Doachos of Thessaly dedicated to Delphi, and was built in 344-343 B.C.E. A marble copy survives today and is at the museum in Delphi, but the original bronze was probably melted down. A cast of the sculpture can be seen today in the Metropolitan Museum of Art Cast Collection in Fairfield University's Loyola Hall.The sculpture of Agias has very well toned and formed body muscle.Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA : Carrol...Being that he was a Greek wrestler or boxer, his muscles are very well developed, and the sculptor accented this by deep grooves to exhibit definition. The sculpture stands in a contrapposto pose, halfway between stillness and motion. The sculpture is in more of a naturalistic state, and not as idealized as previous sculptures. The body definition is not as emphasized and not as well defined in comparison to other sculptures, such as the kouros we have seen in the Met. The sculpture's legs and torso are elongated, and the head seems to be smaller in proportion. Agias stands about 2 meters tall. When looking at the sculpture from the doorway, you can see a slight "S" curve in the body, which was a trademark of Praxitles. The shift in the weight of the body, and its balance is very realistic. When looking from closer, one can...

The Ultimate Guide To Creating An Email Autoresponder Course

The Ultimate Guide To Creating An Email Autoresponder Course The coveted email list, that perfect tool for building audience growth and traffic–it has the highest conversion rate in the industry (more than social media, even), but how in the heck do you get lots of email addresses in it? You can beg and plead for people to sign up for you list.  You can offer people a free ebookbut theyll have to give you their email list to get it even if they dont want to be on your email list. Or, you could create an email autoresponder course that people gladly give you an email for, and eagerly await the arrival of your emails. Yep. An email autoresponder course can do that. It makes sense for both you and your reader. It actually works. 5 Reasons You Need An Email Autoresponder Course An email autoresponder course is a true workhorse for your blog. It helps establish your expertise, it creates trust, and frankly, its a fantastic exchange between you and your readers. Both of you get what you want. 1. You’ve already created the content. The apprehension for most bloggers, when it comes to finding something to trade for an email address, is that they don’t have the time or know-how to create a comprehensive ebook or report. They feel like they have to create some brand-new, never-before-seen content. An email autoresponder easily makes use of the blog content you’ve already created. Most readers haven’t read everything you’ve written, nor have they read it in sequential order. Your email autoresponder groups related topics together and packages it neatly for the convenience of your readers, delivering it right to them. You don’t have to create new content in order to make this happen. You can use what youve already written for your blog. People dont always like giving an email address for things that shouldnt require them. 2. You’re trading an email for an email. When you ask readers for their email in order to sign up for an autoresponder, it makes sense. You need their email in order to deliver the information, and it’s a transaction that doesn’t have a hint of hucksterism. Downloading an ebook or a report doesn’t require an email, but that’s the trade they have to make in order to get it. Readers aren’t dumb. They know they could get an ebook if you provided a direct link to it. They know you’re after their email. Their email address is your prize. Signing up for an email autoresponder course doesn’t seem like they have to trade anything at all. Its an email course. The only way they can get it delivered to them is to give you an email address. For readers, it feels like youre being pretty generous and giving them some great free stuff without asking for anything in return. Your email course is their prize. Email courses are a fair trade for readers. You need their address to deliver the content.3. Readers sign up understanding that they will be receiving your email. Some readers give you their email to get that report or ebook or infographic and don’t understand that they’ll be added to your regular email list. Perhaps you didn’t make it clear or they are new to how these things work. After all, they just wanted an ebook, not to be added to an email list. Those readers unsubscribe. Sometimes they love to tell you why they unsubscribed in no uncertain terms. Sometimes they report you as spam. This reaction is rare with an email autoresponder course. Even though they’ll be added to your general email list, they still expect to get emails from you and are more receptive to all of the email you send. They get used to seeing your emails come in through your email autoresponder course; your other emails arriving to their inbox are no big deal. Readers who signed up for an email course understand; they asked you to email your content to them, and they don’t mind when you do. 4. Readers get to know you gradually, and you aren’t forgotten. How many times have you gone and grabbed an ebook and then not read it? I have an impressive library of free ebooks I’ve downloaded and never read. An email autoresponder is a bit different. It’s not the full deluge, its not a 42-page PDF. It’s your best information, fed out in a steady drip, like an information IV. And, even better, it arrives in their inbox, the place they spend most of their day anyway. You meet them on their turf on their time. An email autoresponder keeps you on your reader’s mind. An ebook is downloaded once, and is a one-time connection. An email autoresponder is repetitive, and your content can become a habit. Your emails constantly remind your readers that you still exist, and they grow comfortable hearing your voice in your emails. 5. Email is good place to mention your latest projects. Maybe you finally have something to promote. An online learning course, or a webinar. When it comes to selling or promotion, single solitary landing pages are powerful, particularly if you understand the art of creating copy and graphics that get readers to do what you want them to do on your landing pages.  But maybe you’re not up to landing pages just yet, though you still have something to promote. Where do you do the promotion at? Start with the email autoresponder course. Get some motion going with that first; youll eventually get to the landing page. Dont be shy or feel like your email autoresponder ought to stay purely instructional.  You have given your readers great content, and you earned their attention. They don’t mind if you mention something you think they would be interested in. They dont mind if you mention that webinar or other product in your email to them. Readers appreciate you telling them about products or services theyd be interested in. Dont beChoosing The Topic For Your Email Autoresponder Course Here you are, convinced that you ought to have an email autoresponder course. What should it be about? As usual, Im going to tell you to know your audience and youre going to sigh in frustration. Before you walk away in exasperation, though, read on. You can find out who your target audience is. You can find out what your readers want you to tell them more about. 1. Look at your analytics. Your analytics can tell you specific information about why people visit your site. Here are three things to look at in your analytics that give you an idea about what is bringing people to your site, and what they want to hear about from you: Search terms: You can find out the specific terms people are using to find your site, which will help you decide what the most popular topics for your readers are. However, Google searches are increasingly not providing the specific search terms  that they used to, going with â€Å"not provided† instead, so this ability may decrease in the future (at least with the Google search engine). You can subsidize this lack of information from Google Analytics a little bit with your  Google Webmaster Tools dashboard. Simply go to Search Traffic Search Queries and get a list of the terms people are using to find your site. Google Webmaster Tools can tell you what search terms bring people to your site. High-traffic posts:  High-traffic posts are the posts that people are reading, and indicate a topic they are interested in. You could create an email autoresponder out of these specific posts, or use them as a guide on what people want to read about.  An added bonus, once you know which posts get the traffic, is that you can promote your email autoresponder in those actual blog posts and target a specific audience. For example, we found a few obscenely high-traffic posts on the Todaymade blog, and created a pop-up that encouraged people to sign up for an ebook that was related to the topic of the post. These were posts that had high bounce rates, meaning people came in, read what they wanted, and left. We figured we might as well offer them related content, since they were going to leave anyway. (Click here to see what I mean.) Imagine if you did that for your email autoresponder course?  If you know people are going to those posts, why not offer them useful related content? Theyre already primed for the topic. Nuthin to lose. Choose a topic for your email autoresponder that your readers already like, not one you like. Topical trends: See if there is a trend across these posts that make for a singular topic. Unrelated blog posts might still have a connection. For example, on my personal blog, two high-traffic posts have to deal with customer service issues with Dell and Verizon. They are unrelated except that they indicate people are looking for help in dealing with large corporations when they are frustrated. That trend could be a topic. What topics are people reading that are related on your blog? 2. Look at your social media. Your social media isnt just for sharing and conversation. Its also a not-so-sneaky way to learn about what your readers are doing with your content. It is a kind of â€Å"unofficial† source of analytics, if you pay attention. Shares. Which of your blog posts get shared the most on social media? This is a good indicator of not only what your followers are interested in, but what they are willing to share with their own followers. Even basic stats are useful, such as what bit.ly provides. Bit.ly, Buffer, and other apps that you use with your social media give you some nice stats that show you which of your posts get the clicks and shares. Those posts have topics and headlines people liked. Hashtags. Pay attention to the popular hashtags you’re seeing used by your social media followers. They are telling you what topics are the most important to your readers. Plus, you can capitalize on these hashtags when it comes time to tell the world about your email autoresponder. Conversations. You’ve had conversations with people on social media. What are they talking about? What are they repeatedly asking you about? Wouldn’t you love to have an email autoresponder handy so the next time you’re asked, you can mention that it is available?  Places like Inbound or Quora are a great place to find out what people want to know about. Just read the conversations they have with each other. Answer their questions, and tell them about your email autoresponder.  Social media isn’t as mathematical as pure analytics, but it is a good measurement of what people say they are interested in. 3. Look at your blog comments. Which posts raised the most discussion and passion? What questions were asked? An active comments section is a great way to find out which blog post topic piqued your reader’s interest. If youre lucky, readers may even be so kind as to ask you questions in their comment that you can answer as part of your email autoresponder course, or that you can use as an opportunity later to refer them to your email autoresponder course. Ive had blog readers email me directly and ask if I could write specific posts to answer specific questions they had. As you can imagine, Im more than happy to do so. Wouldnt it be great to say I just so happen to have an email course thatll walk you right through that. 4. Ask your readers. Consider asking your readers directly if there is a topic they’d like to know more about. Use a survey, or write a blog post. Bloggers spend a lot of time water witching for post topics and forget that they can just come right out and ask what readers want to read.  Don’t be afraid to ask your audience specifically what they want to know, and how they want you to cover it. Wonder what your blog readers want? Why not just ask them directly?Creating The Content For Your Email Autoresponder Course Your email autoresponder can be made up of content youve already published on your blog, or new content that you write specifically for the course (or, a mix of both). 1. Use currently published blog posts. Using blog posts that are currently on your blog is quite common, and it is a good way to get started and build your first email autoresponder course. The barrier to entry is easy, because you already have done most of the work. Evergreen posts. Select blog posts that are â€Å"evergreen†Ã¢â‚¬â€œthat is, their content will age well. Blog posts with detailed â€Å"how-to† instructions on using social networks are notorious for aging poorly. Just ask me about the very long and detailed series I wrote on the new Facebook Timeline. I think it was outdated in two weeks. If youre going to use posts already published, try to find ones that will remain viable over a long period of time. Its easy to forget whats in your email course if you fall into the set-it-and-forget-it mode. Make sure your email autoresponder uses content that is relevant over a long-term. Popular posts. We’ve mentioned using analytics, social shares, and comment activity on popular posts to determine what your overall topic should be. Go ahead and use these same popular posts for your actual email autoresponder contentbut with one extra consideration: don’t forget your archives. You likely have some great posts that used to hit the top ten that maybe don’t anymore because they are a few months or more old. Do they still contain good content? You bet they do. Include them. You be the judge. You know which posts you are proud to have written (and those which inspire hidden, dark shame). Select those posts that have excellent content that your readers might not have found yet. One nice thing about using content that already exists out on the wilds of your blog is that you have the option to either include the full blog post in the body of your email, or give readers a snippet and a link back to the original post. Snippets and a link drive traffic, to be sure. 2. Creating brand new content. Sometimes you might want to create brand new content for your email autoresponder. There are several reasons this is a good idea. Rework old copy and make it new. You may have a great post that you wish you could use, but the content is outdated and in much need of repair. There are several blog posts Ive written that Ive reworked and slapped a new headline on. The foundation and frame was good; they just needed a bit of remodeling.  It is not unusual for us to use a looming new email autoresponder course as the impetus to get us to write several new blog posts for our blog. The topic or idea might be relevant, but the available blog posts at our disposal need rework. Rework an old blog post, publish it fresh on your blog for readers, and set it up for your email autoresponder course recipients. Introductions and prefaces. Creating new copy to put each blog post into context helps make individual posts seem to be part of a cohesive whole. The new copy helps frame the blog post so that it fits with the rest. For some of our email courses, weve written a preface, a summation of the previous lesson, and even a bit of a teaser that hints at what the next lesson will bring. That little bit of extra fresh and new copy helps your email autoresponder course feel less like youre just spitting out old blog posts. Create entirely new content. Perhaps you’re using published blog posts, but your email autoresponder is missing a crucial lesson and you need to write brand new content so that the course achieves its goal. Maybe youve not even begun your blog yet, and are building your autoresponder first. Or, you just want to write the course from scratch from the ground up. Some bloggers dont like creating entirely new content. For one thing, its a lot of work. But mainly, you miss out on the SEO benefit because that content is not on your site. These things are all true, but do consider this: exclusivity. When you create new content that isn’t available anywhere else, you can â€Å"sell† your email autoresponder course on the promise that there is exclusive new content not available anywhere else. Readers need to sign up if they want it. So, whether or not youll publish all newly created content on your blog depends on if you are using exclusivity as part of the enticement.

Develop an ethics program for a company X Essay - 1

Develop an ethics program for a company X - Essay Example Excel Finance offers financial services to clients from all backgrounds in the region of Los Angeles where employees are expected to demonstrate high ethical standards. Firstly, at Excel Finance, it is unacceptable to report for duty late. Obviously, as a financial institution, Excel Finance would like to show that every detail is met. According to the instructions on the entrance, Excel Finance opens its doors exactly at eight o’clock in the morning. Therefore, it means that if employees report late, there are chances of opening the business late. This will create the wrong integrity about the company in the eyes of the highly esteemed clients (Brink, 2011). In addition to observing punctuality, the employees of Excel Finance are expected to communicate with the customers in English language unless where impossible. Politeness while addressing the client is imperative, and any report by client of a staff’s rudeness will be extensively investigated after which disciplinary actions may be taken. Concerning use of company equipment- telephones and other utilities-, every employee is expected to exercise responsibility. Usage of company telephones and another equipment for purposes not related to the business is not allowed, and the staff could be penalized if this is contravened. In regard to handling money from clients, all employees at Excel Finance are expected to issue a document indicating receipt or issuance of the same. No staff is allowed to receive money from customers without a purpose. For cashiers, all money must reflect in the client’s account as soon as they are done with depositing. As for the loan officers, assessment of customer’s business has to be done before approving a loan. Also, ensure that all the spaces that ought to be filled by the client have been filled without exception. All staffs are expected to show respect

Water resource issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Water resource issues - Essay Example Population size is increasing day by day whereas the availability of fresh water remains stationary or decreasing. As a result of that, the available fresh water per head is getting reduced as time goes on. Drinking water is an essential commodity required to sustain human life on earth. It is believed that the next world war may be occurred probably for the control of fresh water resources. Many people believe that the recent attack on Iraq by America was not to take revenge upon Saddam, but to seize control over the fresh water resources of Iraq. In any case, drinking water shortage is getting intensified as time goes on. It is necessary to manage water resources judiciously to overcome the drinking water shortage. Strategies necessary to reduce the pollution of fresh water resources should be implemented as much as possible. The usage of fertilizers and chemicals should be reduced as much as possible and organic farming methods should be employed more and more. Industrialization should be done carefully and the industrial wastes should not be allowed to mix with fresh water resources. In short, a little bit control on industrialization and farming would reduce the water pollution

Elections Are A Major Institutional Pillar Politics Essay

Elections Are A Major Institutional Pillar Politics Essay Elections are a major institutional pillar of liberal democracy. They are the dominant element of political process as they provide the platform for exercising the basic rights of the people associated with democracy freedom of speech, association, choice and movement and the like. They also form the individuals rights of participation in the political process. For the masses they are the opportunity to make the political leaders accountable for their stewardship during the time they were in power, as well as subject to their power as the final sovereign of the country. An election is a competition for office based on a formal expression of preferences by a designated body of people at the ballot box.  [1]  As Yogesh Atal had observed, elections computes public opinion.  [2]  Therefore, elections signify the power of the people and provide legitimacy to the authority of the government. On the importance of elections, Norman D. Palmer, has observed: Elections are particularly conspicuous and revealing aspect of most contemporary political systems. They highlight and dramatize a Political System, bringing its nature into sharp relief, and providing insights into other aspects of the system as a wholeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [3]   Popular elections are at the heart of representative democracy. And, that holding periodic election is the hallmark of representative democracy based on the active interest of the people. The functioning of democracy demands maximum involvement and participation of the masses in democratic process of the country.  [4]  These are the central democratic procedure for selecting and controlling leaders.  [5]  Elections are episodes of political action during which the preferences of citizens and the conduct of politicians, based on their past agency record and their prospective promises, intersects and interact.  [6]  In the opinion of Robert A. Dhal, the election is the central technique for ensuring that government leaders will be relatively responsible to non-leaders.  [7]  The political class sees elections as an opportunity for renewing their mandate to exercise legitimate power. In this sense, elections constitute a vital bridge linking the masses to the political c lass.  [8]  In addition, growing commitment to democratic elections is also an affirmation of a growing popular commitment to the rule of law.  [9]  Democracy, particularly, its liberal version, may be defined as a system of governance in which rulers are held accountable for their actions in the public realms of citizens, acting indirectly through competition and cooperation of their elected representatives.  [10]   In fact, elections in a democratic system of governance provide the voter with a meaningful choice of candidates, and are distinguished by several characteristics, including a universal franchise, a secret ballot, the involvement of political parties, contests in every, or almost every, constituency and campaigns regulated by strict and fair rules.  [11]  This implies extensive competition for power; highly inclusive citizenship and extensive civil and political liberties. Also, in-between elections, citizens must be able to influence public policy through various non-electoral means like interest group associations and social movements, which invariably involve cooperation and competition among citizens.  [12]   The use of elections in the modern era dates to the emergence of representative government in Europe and North America since the 17th century.  [13]  Modern democracies are typically based on representative models in which citizens elect their representatives to govern and frame policies on their behalf. Full democracies are those systems in which there are universal suffrage, regular elections, an independent judiciary, relatively equal access to power for all groups, and extensive civil liberties that are combined with protection for minorities and disadvantaged groups.  [14]   The developments and want for electoral democracy across societies are quite fascinating. Indeed, some twenty-five years ago there were only about thirty-five democracies across the world, most of them being wealthy and industrialized nations, particularly in the West. Today, the number has grown to about 120. Huntington (1999) argues that at least thirty countries turned democracies between 1974 and 1990;  [15]  while Diamond (1997) takes Freedom House data to show that that the number of democracies increased from 39 in 1974 to 118 in 1996.  [16]  Consequently, and more precisely, democratic government out-numbered all other governments. Jaggers and Gurr (1995) claim that the proportions of the democracies rose from 27 percent in 1975 to 50 percent in 1994.  [17]   It is assumed by critics that many of the new democracies are being hollowed out.  [18]  The effect is the spread of electoral democracy where political parties battle for control of government through comparatively free and fair election;  [19]  but not liberal democracy with an effective rule of law behind individual and minority freedoms and protections.  [20]  A claim to liberal democracy may serve to legitimize state authority nearly everywhere, but the reality falls far short of the global triumph of liberal democratic government. The remarkable consensus concerning the legitimacy of liberal democracy served as the premise of Fukuyamas thesis on the end of history.  [21]  Doubts about the quality of new democracies imply that the new democracies may enshrine democratic principles that fail to operate in practice, and that the populations do not therefore enjoy liberal democratic freedoms. Defining electoral politics Though psephologist and scholars often make use of the term electoral politics, the phrase is, very rarely defined accurately. Still, as term in common political discourse goes, this is, in particular, not vague or elastic. The definition that follows is partly descriptive; that is to say, it is designed to reflect what most people seem to mean when they use the term and to suggest what the term ought to. The word election is of Latin origin and is derived from the root eligere. Election literary connotes, the public choice of person for office. It may be regarded as a form of procedure recognized by the rules of an organization, whereby all or some of the members of the organization choose a smaller number of persons or one person to hold office of authority in the organization.  [22]  According to Websters dictionary, election means the act or process of choosing a person for an office, position or membership by voting. An election, as William B. Munro (1926) writes long ago, consists of a regular series of events.  [23]  These events differ from political system to another as provided by the respective legal provisions of that particular system, but always include voter registration, nominations of candidates, seeking access to the electorate, voters preferences and the like. It is a formal act of collective decision that occurs in a stream of connected antecedent and subsequent behaviour.  [24]  Elections are the principal mechanism by which the citizens hold government accountable, both retrospectively for their policies and more generally for the manner in which they govern.  [25]  Hence, it can be said that electoral politics is the study of the political process, involved in the electoral process, ranging from the nomination of candidates to the final outcome of an election and can be conceptualized as a set of activities, in strategic cooperation between numerous participants in t he electoral process. This naturally involves the study of campaign strategies (the electoral behaviour), and the mobilisation of resources by political parties and the candidates; the role of youth power, organised groups and influentials. In simple terms, electoral politics is s an index of popular consciousness, articulation and participation of the electorate in the decision  [26]  of the society. Electoral politics seeks to analyze the major features in the conduct of elections, democratic or otherwise, and the process involved therein to ascertain electorate opinion of a given geographical area. It is through election that political preferences of the electors are expressed and ordered. The process of electoral politics presents the electors with a decision task that requires a particular choice between the contending candidates. Thus it may be said that electoral politics, is a means of translating the popular will into an elected assembly.  [27]  But at the same time it must be conceded that elections are clumsy instruments of choice.  [28]  In such circumstances, the study of election and electoral system has been a continuing source of interdisciplinary conflict, largely between political scientist s and sociologists.  [29]   The Review of Literature: There is considerable body of theoretical and empirical literature on elections and its allied discipline, in both the developed and developing democracies, that identifies several functions performed by elections in liberal democracies. A brief history of the literature available so far is examined in the pages that follow: Scholarly studies of electoral politics have a long and vibrant history. Most works on electoral politics primarily focus on voting behavior. The 1940s saw the birth of scientific use of survey research to examine academic voting research in the study of electoral politics. Under the direction of Paul Lazarsfeld, the Bureau of Applied Social Research at Columbia University interviewed a probability sample of Erie County, Ohio, during the Roosevelt-Wilkie presidential race.  [30]  The findings of the study were published in the book titled The People Choice.  [31]  The authors determine why people vote as they do focusing mainly on social groupings, religion, and residence. They argue that people tend to vote with their groups, and to that extent people take longer time to arrive at voting choice. Later, a second panel study conducted by the Columbian School in 1948 provided a more influential book, Voting.  [32]  It examines the factors that make people vote the way they do based on the famous Elmira Study, carried out by a team of skilled social scientists during the 1948 presidential campaign. It shows how voting is affected by social class, religious background, family loyalties, local pressure groups, mass communication media, and other factors. The work of Lazarsfeld and his Columbia colleagues demonstrated the rich potential of election surveys as data for understanding campaigns and elections. The next, and even more important, advance in election studies emerged in the following decade at the University of Michigan.  [33]  It created the most significant milestone in the whole tenet of electoral research, The American Voter.  [34]  It explored the so-called psychological model, in its study explaining peoples political choices; and found out how people voted were mainly their party identification. The work established a baseline for most of the scholarly debate that has followed in the decades since.  [35]  However, political scientist like V.O. Key  [36]  attacked this work, in which he famously asserted, voters are not fools. Key argues against the implications of Campbell et al.s book, and Converses later addition,  [37]  about the ignorance and unreliability of American voters. He analyzed public opinion data and electoral returns to show what he believed to be the rationality of voters choices as political decisions rather than responses to psychological stimuli.  [38]   In the years that followed, Nie, Verba, Petrocik  [39]  presents one of the best treatments on the subject in the form of The Changing American Voter. It analyzes and evaluates the changes which have taken place since the publication of The American Voter. The resultant is that electorate has both responded and contributed to the major political shifts of the 60s and 70s; it depicts how and why by citing substantial statistics and figures. However, this argument finds many critics. Among them, Smith  [40]  posits a more bleak political landscape in which the typical voter knows little about politics is not interested in the political arena and consequently does not participate in it. To support this view, Smith demonstrates how the indices used by Nie, Verba, and Petrocik during the 1960s were methodologically flawed and how a closer examination of supposed changes reveals only superficial and unimportant shifts in the ways voters have approached the ballot box since the 195 0s. Miller and Shanks  [41]  in their study, presents a comprehensive analysis of American voting patterns from 1952 through the early 1990s, with special emphasis on the 1992 election, based on data collected by the National Election Studies. It also presents a unique social and economic picture of partisanship and participation in the American electoral process. Michael S. Lewis-Beck  [42]  re-creates the outstanding 1960 classic, The American Voter, by following the same format, theory, and mode of analysis as the original in the form of The American Voter Revisited. It discovers that voting behaviour has been remarkably consistent over the last half century and quite surprisingly, the contemporary American voter is found to behave politically much like voters of the 1950s. Across the Atlantic, the study of electoral behaviour was no less momentous. A number of scholars and researcher, alike took up the topic in academic research till date. Butler and Stokes  [43]  offer an explaination of British voting behaviour since 1945 with greater emphasis on sociological and historical factors and on changes at the macro and elite level. Harrison  [44]  provide a detailed explanation of how the British political system came to acquire the form it has today by analysing topics such as civil liberties, pressure groups, parliament, elections and the parties, central and local government, cabinet, and monarchy. Birch  [45]  provides a comprehensive account of British political institutions, of the way in which they operate, and of the society in which they developed. Pugh  [46]  present an insightful survey of changes in British politics since the election of 1945 and examines Labour Partys evolution into a national rather than sectional party. David Powell  [47]  examine British politics on the eve of war, the author assesses the impact of war on the parties and the political system and the process of realignment that followed in the interwar period. Hough and Jeffery  [48]  present a comparative perspective on the new dynamics of electoral competition following devolution to Scotland and Wales. It brings together leading experts on elections, political parties and regional politics from Britain, Europe and North America to explore the dynamics and interactions of national and regional arenas of electoral competition. Johnston and Pattie  [49]  analyses the dynamics of electoral behaviour into its geographical context. They show how voters and parties are affected by, and in turn influence, both national and local forces. Kavanagh  [50]  analyse the methods of political choice and decision-making in electoral democratic institutions. The focus throughout is on key topics of voting behavior, election rules, the media, election pacts, and the consequences of elections. Wolfinger and Rosenstone  [51]  present an assessment of the sociological, motivational, and political factors that account for variation in electoral participation. Lupia and. Harrop and Miller  [52]  examine competitive electoral systems as well as non-competitive ones. McCubbins  [53]  present an impressive treatment of one of the most important issues in democratic theory: the individuals inability to make fully informed decisions. It redefines the research agenda in democratic theory and information and also intends to lay foundations of a new theoretical approach to institutional design Bendor, Diermeier, Siegel and Ting  [54]  provides a behavioral theory of elections based on the notion that all actors, that is, both politicians as well as voters are only bounded rationally. The theory constructs formal models of party competition, turnout, and voters choices of candidates and the like. These models predict substantial turnout levels, voters sorting into parties, and winning parties adopting centrist platforms. Bogdanor Butler  [55]  analyses the main electoral systems of modern democracies, and places them in their institutional and historical context. Diamond and Plattner  [56]  addresses electoral systems and democracy comparing the experiences of diverse countries, from Latin America to southern Africa, from Uruguay, Japan, and Taiwan to Israel, Afghanistan, and Iraq. As the number of democracies has increased around the world, a heated debate has emerged among experts about which system best promotes the consolidation of democracy. Diamond  [57]  sets forth a distinctive theoretical perspective on democratic evolution and consolidation in the late twentieth century. These include strong political institutions, appropriate institutional designs, decentralization of power, a vibrant civil society, and improved economic and political performance. Courtney  [58]  argues that elections are governed by accepted rules and procedures of the political system and it is important for citizens to understand their own electoral system. Sawer  [59]  presents an edited volume on Australian electoral history providing a broad commentary on continuing democratic challenges. Roberts  [60]  provides explanations and analysis of the German federal electoral system; discusses the role of electoral politics in relation to political parties and to the public. Lindberg  [61]  studies elections as a core institution of liberal democracy in the context of newly democratizing countries. He gathers data from every nationally contested election in Africa from 1989 to 2003, covering 232 elections in 44 countries, argues that democratizing nations learn to become democratic through repeated democratic behavior, even if their elections are often flawed. Cowen Laakso  [62]  presents electoral studies of multi-party politics in 14 African countries during the 1990s. Hesseling  [63]  offers theoretical and historical assessments of election observation and evaluates policies and their implementation in specific case studies. Diamond and Plattner  [64]  examines the state of progress of democracy in Africa at the end of the 1990s. The past decades third wave of democratization, the contributors argue, has been characterized by retreats as well as advances. Piombo and Nijzik  [65]  in their edited work give an account of democratic elections in South Africa since April 1994 after her liberation. Norris  [66]  analyses whether there are legitimate grounds for concern about public support for democracy world-wide; or are there political, economic, and cultural factors driving the dynamics of support for democratic government. It shows how citizens in contemporary democracies relate to their governments. Later on, Norris  [67]  focuses on democratic deficits, reflecting how far the perceived democratic performance of any state diverges from public expectations Popkin  [68]  concludes that voters make informed logical choices by analyzing three primary campaigns Carter in 1976; Bush and Reagan in 1980; and Hart, Mondale, and Jackson in 1984 to arrive at a new model of the way voters sort through commercials and sound bites to choose a candidate. Powell  [69]  argues that elections are instrumental in linking the preferences of citizens to the behaviour of policymakers His empirical findings prove that if this is taken as the main function of democratic elections the proportional vision and its designs enjoyed a clear advantage over their majoritarian counterparts in using elections as instruments of democracy.  [70]  Brennan and Lomasky  [71]  offer a compelling challenge to the central premises of the prevailing theories of voting behavior. Niemi and Weiberg  [72]  present collection of essays that explore some of the controversies in the study and understanding of voting behavior. Caplan  [73]  takes a persistent look at how people who vote under the influence of false beliefs ultimately end up with government that delivers miserable results. LeDuc, Niemi and Norris  [74]  in their edited volume provide a broad theoretical and comparative understanding of all the key topics associated with the elections including electoral and party systems, voter choice and turnout, campaign communications, and the new politics of direct democracy. Zuckerman  [75]  in his edited volume uses classic theories to explain individuals political decisions by a range of political scientists; advances theory and method in the study of political behavior and returns the social logic of politics to the heart of political science. Cox  [76]  employs a unified game-theoretic model to study strategic coordination worldwide that relies primarily on constituency-level rather than national aggregate data in testing theoretical propositions about the effects of electoral laws. Norris  [77]  gives a masterpiece of synthesis, original theorizing, and empirical analysis of an impressively large number and variety of cases. This book looks at public opinion data linking attitudes, party choices, and electoral systems in ways that the game theory literature usually fails to come to grips with. Norris combines institutional and survey data from 32 widely different countries to assess the possibilities and limitations of implanting democracy through institutional engineering. Franklin  [78]  demonstrate how voter turnout can serve as an indicator of the health of a democracy, and concludes that declining turnout does not necessarily reflect reductions in civic virtue or increases in alienation. Dalton  [79]  introduces the reader to the knowledge we have of comparative political behavior, and the implications of these findings. The analyses focus on the United States, Great Britain, Germany, and France in a broad cross-national context. Dalton offers the theory that the quality of citizen politics is alive and well whereas the institutions of democracy are in disarray. Further, Dalton  [80]  documents the erosion of political support in virtually all advanced industrial democracies. It traces the current challenges to democracy owing to changing citizen values and rising expectations. The author finds that these expectations are making governing more difficult, but also fueling demands for political reform. Prysby and Books  [81]  examines how and why individual political behavior can be influenced by various contextual characteristics of the locality in which the individual resides, an