How to improve homeland security in the United States Essay

Since the occurrence of the September 9, 2001 terrorist’s attacks and the constant threats by international terrorists such as the al Qaeda, and given the upsurge in other domestic terrorist networks within the United States, several agencies have had to be high on the alert for possible attacks. Moreover, other industries have also experienced the adverse effect of this menace. The entertainment industry for instance, was at an all time low point after the terrorist attacks of September 9, 2001. Woody Allen (2001) observed that â€Å"Everywhere you look in Hollywood since that tragic day; the entertainment landscape has been transformed, as if ripped asunder by a massive earthquake. People have come to work feeling like jittery sleepwalkers, especially after the studios received FBI warnings late last week that they could be possible targets for terrorism. Nearly every studio has been postponing films, giving them face lifts or tossing scripts out the window. â€Å" Los Angeles Times 09/25/01 Despite efforts made by U. S. n liaison with other countries to root out this evil, terrorists’ organizations continue to arm themselves with various complex assortments of weapons, and training their disciples each dawn. The problem of terrorism has further been complicated by terrorist friendly countries that provide financial support, military equipment and other kinds of assistance that help perpetrate the crime. As Rondea (2008) posits ‘Right now, terrorist friendly countries allow or support schools, training facilities and institutions that indoctrinate children into terrorist cause at a very early age. They are literally growing terrorists and terrorist sympathizers. Without ever having met an American, these children grow up into men and women who hate us and believe it is their duty to destroy our nation. These complex dynamic further complicates the problem, making efforts to stop terrorism futile. It is due to these eminent problems that this study has been undertaken in order to counter this problem and thus improve security in the United States. Greater focus has been put on the three most sensitive areas that have been frequently used in the past by terrorists to gain access to the United States. These key areas are: the aviation transport department, the visa waiver program, and the information technology. Aviation Transport Department America’s system for protecting and controlling commercial aviation and guaranteeing its citizens’ safety continues to be a major are of concern, especially after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The Transportation Security System (TSA) employs the use of covert testing to discover techniques that are likely to be used by terrorists (Friedlander et. al 1979). This helps in identifying vulnerabilities and measuring the level of performance of airport systems. One of the methods used during these tests involve passing threat objects through passenger and luggage screening systems. This has been prompted by the realization that some terrorists smuggle dangerous chemicals onboard aircraft in order to construct explosives in flight (Clovis, 2008). Aviation security is made up of several layers. One layer involves the federal government’s ability to respond to threats, both actual and potential, while an aircraft is in flight. The Aviation and Transportation security Act which was enacted in November 2001 formed TSA as the agency in charge of securing all forms of transportation. TSA has since then, cooperated with other stakeholders in developing a layered approach that would guarantee the security of commercial aviation. This approach involves diverse yet coordinated measures that include providing flight and cabin crews with essential security training, thorough and systematic screening of travelers’ and luggage (Dacey, 2003). Response to an in-flight threat is, however, a duty well beyond the jurisdiction of the TSA. It involves four other departments namely: Justice, Defense, transportation, Homeland Security and the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC). These agencies may coordinate their activities using interagency communication tools in case of security threats arising during in-flight. This coordination efforts are however not only intricate and complex, but also involving. The stages involved include: identifying and notifying concerned agencies of suspected threat; discussing pertinent information and working in collaboration to assess the degree of the threat; making a decision on the action to be undertaken to counter the threat, and taking the action; and where necessary, finalizing the law enforcement response upon landing of the flight (Claude, 2008). TSA working in coordination with DHS has made some progress to counter threats in the aviation industry. TSA has for instance, designed covert testing programs on a national and local level. These programs are risk-based and are aimed at achieving its goals of identifying and mitigating vulnerabilities in the aviation security system. Secondly, during the past seven years, several successful interagency operations have been undertaken by federal agencies, some of which have led to arrest and return of suspected terrorists to the United States to face trial. In addition, TSA’s Office of Inspection (OI) has utilized information on terrorist threats to improve its national covert tests and to select suitable airports for tests based on the likelihood of attack by terrorists. Moreover, the federal agencies have carried out more than 200 tests involving federal agencies, state and local participants. However, some tests conducted by TSA have occasionally failed. It is suggested that some of these failures may have been a direct result of poor screening equipment that fails to detect threat objects or a failure on the part of Transportation Security Officers (TSOs) to follow the screening procedures properly. Given that OI does not systematically record reasons for test failures, such failures can potentially limit TSA’s ability to counter identified vulnerabilities. Various suggestions are, therefore offered to help mitigate vulnerability that may arise as a result of such factors. First, documenting all specific causes for test failures related to Transportation Security Officers (TSOs) and those related to screening procedures, is critical to aviation security. This documentation should be done in the covert testing database in order to help TSA recognize areas that need improvement and undertake the necessary steps towards making these improvements. It is also suggested that a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, passing of information on effective practices that are used by airports whose security levels are commendable, need to be put in place at other airports to help TSA managers improve the standards of operation in checkpoint screening operations. Moreover, the Office of Security Operations (OSO) needs to consider in time all recommendations that OI makes as a direct result of covert tests. It should then state its rationale for undertaking or not undertaking to address the recommendations made. In addition, an evaluation need to be done to see whether the steps taken to implement OI’s recommendation actually countered the identified vulnerability or did not. These evaluation needs to be developed by OSO since they are better placed to make follow up and see the changes brought by implementations recommended (Dacey, 2003). Finally, it is also recommended that in order to mitigate vulnerabilities in the transportation security system, threat and risk assessment need to be done. Billions of dollars are spent by the United States annually in countering terrorism yet it is doubtful that these funds are channeled in the right amounts or even in the right programs. An assessment would be beneficial in helping target these funds, consider priority activities and avoid duplicating effort (Dacey, 2003). Cybersecurity Federal agencies are confronted with constant cybersecurity threats brought about by the increase in sophisticated attack methods or the transformation of typical attacks into complex forms that render efforts to counter them almost impossible. Some notable examples include unsolicited commercial e-mail (spam), messages aimed at fraudulently obtaining personal or sensitive data (phishing) and software that monitors the activities of the user without the user being aware or consenting to such intrusion (spyware) (Hare, 2008). Even though initiatives have been undertaken by several entities operating within the federal government, the risk posed by the blending of these threats cannot easily be mitigated with the available equipment at the moment. Some of the initiatives already undertaken include: enlightening consumers about these threats, and targeting computer crime (Perrow, 2007). The United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) recommended that in order to ensure cybersecurity, a number of measures would need to be undertaken. Firstly, DHS’s United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT) would have to conduct frequent cyber analysis and warnings in order to make timely detection of attacks and threats. Secondly, frequent cyber attack exercises should be conducted and lessons learned be fully implemented. According to GAO’s recommendation, this can be accomplished by completing all corrective activities that the department identifies. Lastly, a strategy should be established to coordinate efforts aimed at securing or improving control system cyber security (U. S. G. P. O. 2004). The coordination efforts should include sharing of vulnerability information with other federal agencies as well as the private sector (Friedlander et. al 1979). In addition, other recommendations made to GAO to mitigate these threats include performing risk assessment periodically, implementing policies and procedures that are risk based to counter identified risks, educating and providing the staffs with security- awareness training and establishing procedures which will help in detecting, reporting and responding to issues regarding cybersecurity threats (Rondeau, 2008). Visa Waiver Program (VWP) The Visa Waiver Program provides way through which citizens of 27 countries can gain access to the United States for a period of 90 days without obtaining a visa (Moss & Michael, 2006). The terroristic attacks of 9-11, however, brought major concerns of the risk of foreigners with malicious intentions gaining entry into the United States. Consequently, tougher measures have had to be imposed to mitigate this potential threat. At the moment, foreigners from VWP countries are required to provide bibliographical information to the Customs and Border Protection (CBP) department before leaving for the United States (Saunter & Carafano, 2005). This is in accordance with the Recommendations made in the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, Public Law 110-53, and Aug. , 2007, which also stipulates the guidelines to be adhered to by aliens from VWP countries wishing to travel to the United States either by air or sea. The amendments done to DHS regulations by the interim final rule allows for consideration of countries whose visa refusal rates laid between 3 and 10 percent in the previous fiscal year. Moreover, the regulation provides for the automation of the 1-94W process electronically in addition to enabling the provision of VWP traveler data in advance prior to travel by the individual. This is beneficial as it allows for a thorough scrutiny of the traveler’s documents well in advance before such individual enters the United States (Stiefel, 2008). The VWP however, still has some inherent risks that need to be tackled. Even though DHS has been successful in intercepting many counterfeit documents, an undetermined number of inadmissible foreigners have gained entry into the United States using a lost or stolen passport from a visa waiver country. Secondly, although the program eases consular workload, border inspectors face numerous challenges when screening VWP travelers. Notable among these challenges is the issue of language barrier and that of limited duration for conducting in-depth interviews (Wright & Wiesenger 2008). Moreover, due to insufficient funds, DHS’s monitoring unit cannot attain its main objective of monitoring and providing report on the ongoing security concerns in VWP member countries. Consequently, GAO recommended that in order to mitigate these risks, a number of actions will have to be implemented. First, DHS must incorporate biometric indicators into the air exit system in order to keep its power of admitting other countries into the program. Secondly, it needs to certify that the Electronic System for Travel Authorization (ESTA) used for screening visa waiver foreigners before they travel to the U. S. is fully in operation by early January, 2009 (Moss & Michael, 2006). The certification will grant DHS power to expand the VWP to countries with visa refusal rates of between 3 and 10 percent. Thirdly, it is also proposed that a clear process be established in coordination with the Department of state and Justice to assist in determining criteria to be employed in considering countries to be included in the program, timelines for their nomination and negotiation of bilateral agreements meant to implement the legislative requirements of the program. Lastly, it was suggested that an office be designated whose purpose would be to develop overstay rate information to monitor whether VWP countries comply with the statutory requirements of the VWP (U. S. G. P. O. 2004). Conclusion New methods for improving homeland security in the United States were the main focus for this study. Particular emphasis was however, laid on the Aviation transport sector, the implementation of the visa waiver program, in accordance with the standards recommended by GAO and on effective methods of countering the risks brought on information technology equipment through computer crime. It can be seen from the study that the effective function of the key security areas discussed lies in the implementation of the weaknesses identified by the researcher and those recommended by GAO following a prior assessment of the operations of these key areas. After these recommendations are implemented, it is believed that homeland security will have been greatly improved. In conclusion, therefore, future research on the improvement of homeland security should address both merits and the drawbacks experienced upon implementation of the proposed changes.

Flower Festival in Vietnam

Da L? t Flower Festival Da Lat Flower Festival is a famous annual event not only in Vietnam but also in Asian region. It is frequently held in the spring to celebrate the charming nature beauty of the city. Every year, a large number of tourists, especially nature lovers, are fascinated by contemplating works of arts made of flowers. On the occasion of this festival, there is a compelling chain of events that you can not take your eyes off.In preparation for the festival, the local people have to complete a lot of things. The first fundamental step is to set up essential infrastructure systems, such as lighting, sound equipment and background iron frames. These tools are used to help artists decorate and honor the beauty of thousands of flower species. Next, many craftsmen put floral decoration into right orders, according to the planned picture. Therefore, along the city, tourists can easily remark a consistently meaningful message.Throughout the festival, we can see many special ac tivities taken place on this event. All of activities are organized in six days on the theme of flowers. Initially, there is an International Gallery and Exhibition of Flower and Ornaments performed at Da Lat garden. After that, along Xuan Huong Lakeshore, everyone can enjoy flower exhibition and lively street parade. Finally, the Ceremony of DaLat Flower Festival is officially held at DaLat square.Although almost celebrating activities take place before the official ceremony, people look forward to this important event which gives splendid performances. Besides, everyone participating in this event has the opportunity to watch and take part in various categories of extra activities, such as Festival for Street Dances, Wine Festival, Street Festival â€Å"Flower and Light†, Flower Market†¦ These activities are held in order to serve Da Lat people in particular as well as tourists in general.Especially, people will have a chance to enjoy the fabulous fireworks displayed o n Xuan Huong Lake. It would be an unforgetable experience that you should try. During the festival, tourists seems to be lost in an exciting world of colour and fragrance because flowers are everywhere. Therefore, this is a good potential chance for developing tourism, advertising image of the country that brings a lot of benefits to not only local people but also the Vietnamese. It would be wise for our government to make more investment in such an event. Y? n Hoa

The Scramble for Africa in Late 19th Century to Early 20th...

During the late 19th century and the early 20th century, European countries began their scramble for Africa which caused African to suffer from violence like wars, slavery and unfairness, but there was also a positive, peaceful and diplomatic consequences and events in Africa like fair trade system, new technology and the security given to Africans under European rule. An additional document written by an African commoner would help to further assess the African actions and reactions by telling what happened to them during that time period and their reaction towards that issue. European imperialism in Africa mainly caused violent acts and suffering to the African natives but there were positive event. Before European imperialisms,†¦show more content†¦However, Africans had a strong sense of nationalism, especially women, like Yaa Asantewa. As queen she saw the cowardliness of the chiefs and gave them a long speech about the bravery of Ashanti is gone and if they aren’t willing to go forward and protect the country, the women will. They would hold arms against the Europeans until the last of them dies (Doc. 6). Also chief Maherero wrote a letter to another chief in order to help persuade him to take arms against the Europeans, to fight rather than die from weakly disease or maltreatment, etc. (Doc 7). This shows that’s strong sense of nationalism within Africa. Even though there were mostly war and violence, the source of suffering in Africa, there were also peaceful and positive means in colonization. Africans and Europeans signed a contract calling for equal trade, fairness, bettering of the people, no war and not interfering with native laws and customs. (Doc. 1) However, because of the contact between African and Europeans through wars and other forms of contact, improved technologies were brought to African through the Europeans (Doc. 5). For example, machine guns, cannons and strategies and formation skills helped influenced the warfare in Africa, like the Battle of Adowa, where Ethiopians fought against the Italians and won. Also, Prempeh IShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast Old and New Imperialism Essay1217 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and Contrast old and new imperialism New Imperialism of the late 19th and early 20th centuries compared to Old Imperialism of the 16th and 17th centuries. Imperialism is the spread of control over territories across the globe. The Industrial Revolution and interests in nationalism created a new period of imperialism around 1750. 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Details of Paper Writing Help

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The Best Possible Taste - 3607 Words

The phenomenal change in British society in the past two centuries has molded the kind of material world we now live in today. Centuries of revolutionary design have created a life that can be blissfully taken for granted. The social structure in Britain is made up of classes and it is Turner Prize winning artist Grayson Perry who classifies the fragmented groupings as â€Å"social tribes† (Perry, In The Best Possible Taste, 2012) during his BAFTA award winning Channel 4 documentary In The Best Possible Taste. Perry undertakes in an investigation, which sees him visit areas of the country, which are stereotypically portrayed as being working class, middle class or upper class to determine what makes us different to contrasting social classes in†¦show more content†¦Grayson Perry was keen to investigate and identify what separates the different classes in Britain and what makes them have conflicting tastes. His journeys lead him all over the country investigating †Å"politics of consumerism and the history of popular design† (Perry, The Vanity of Small Differences, 2012) and why we all have varying tastes when it comes to choosing clothing accessories, home interior designs and what we drive and how this affects our ability to understand the taste of others in a different class. Whilst investigating the varying taste of the different classes, Grayson Perry noted that a middle class or upper class persons reaction to lower class taste is to be â€Å"disgusted, recoil and cringe† (Perry, In The Best Possible Taste, 2012) to which he dismissed as sad. Inspired by his favorite artist, William Hogarth and his series of eight paintings called A Rakes Progress (Hogarth, 1733), which sees a character named Tom Rakewell journey through the different class divisions in the 18th century. During Tom Rakewell’s journey he experiences the working class and what it is like to leave the working class and move up in society in to the middle class and then in to upper class before finally dying a tragic death in a mental institution. Tapestries were made for Lords and royalty and would depict great mythical battles and a

Jane Doe, Asylum / Gonzalez v. Reno free essay sample

The plaintiff a minor alien who survived a tragedy at sea, was rescued and placed in the custody of his great uncle, a temporary legal custodian. His great uncle filed several asylum applications on his behalf against the wishes of the minors father in Cuba. The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) rejected the applications as void. The plaintiff appealed to the district court, which was dismissed because the father was the only one that could apply for his asylum case. The plaintiff appealed stating that the INS had violated  §1158 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1996. The issue here was whether a non parental relative could apply or submit an application for asylum on behalf of the plaintiff against parental wishes. Issue: 1) Whether a temporary legal custodian, can file on behalf of a six (6) year old child, who lacks the capacity to file for himself, against the wishes of his father (sole survivor). We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Doe, Asylum / Gonzalez v. Reno or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rule: 1) 8 USC  § 1158  §1158 Asylum (a) Authority to apply for asylum (1) In general. Any alien who is physically present in the United States or who arrives in the United States (whether or not at a designated port of arrival and including an alien who is brought to the United States after having been interdicted in international or United States waters), irrespective of such alien’s status, may apply for asylum in accordance with this section or, where applicable, section 1225 (b) of this title. Analysis: The issue here is whether a non-custodial parent could submit an application for asylum on a minors behalf against the wishes of the minors father. The ruling of the court states that under  §1158 Asylum, Any alien who is physically present in the United States or who arrives in the United States (whether or not at a designated port of arrival and including an alien who is brought to the United States after having been interdicted in international or United States waters), irrespective of such alien’s status, may apply for asylum in accordance with this section or, where applicable, section 1225 (b) of this title. Because the statute was silent on this issue, it was not for the courts to decide but for the executive agency charged, in this case the INS, to make a discretionary policy choice. The duty of the court was to decide whether this policy was a reasonable one in light of the statutory scheme. See Chevron, 104 S. Ct. at 2782. After analyzing the INS policy, the court stated that the policy does not violate nor contradict section  § 1158. The court rendered that it neither approves or disproves the decision of the INS to reject the asylum application filed by the plaintiffs uncle. The court held that the INS did not contradict 8 U. S. C.  §? 1158, therefore, affirming its position. The Plaintiff was soon returned to his father in Cuba. Conclusion: It is the duty of the judicial branch not to exercise political will, but only to render judicial judgment under the law. The Court neither approves nor disapproves the INSs decision to reject the asylum applications filed on Plaintiffs behalf, but the INS decision did not contradict 8 U. S. C.  §? 1158. The judgment of the District Court is AFFFIRMED. The Plaintiff was soon returned to his father in Cuba.

Thendy Essay Example For Students

Thendy Essay INTERNATIONAL MARKETING92% of the worlds consumers live outside the U.S. Thus, international marketing is very important. When selling to foreign markets, one must realize that there are major differences between other countries the U.S. Aside from political and legal differences, there are economic, technological, social (family, religion, education, health ) cultural differences. Each 1 billion in trade deficit yields a loss of 25,000 jobs. See text for how international trade is measured and protectionism vs. free trade.Gray Goods Goods imported from unauthorized dealer; problem = no manufacturers warranty. Dumping = Sale of export goods at less than normal value (less than cost or less than home-country price). We will write a custom essay on Thendy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Strategic Adaptations Of The Marketing Mix1Keep The Product Promotion The Same Worldwide (Global Marketing) e.g., world brands such as Coca Cola and Marlboro. Theodore Levitt is the guru of the globalization or global marketing approach. Promotion mix elements such as advertising present the biggest problem to standardizing a marketing strategy across all borders because promotion is based on a communication process, which can differ from country to country even if the languages are the same (e.g., the U.S. the U.K.). 2Adapt Only The Promotion e.g., in most of the world, bicycles are promoted as transportation; in U.S. as leisure. 3Adapt Only The Product e.g., Canadians prefer a more bitter beer; Barbie looks Asian in Japan. 4Adapt Promotion Product e.g., American cereals in Asia = snack food; therefore, need different flavors (e.g., tofu). 5Backward Invention Simplify product use less technology. This makes the product more affordable usable in certain foreign markets. Some Ways To Operate In Foreign Markets 1Exporting A company sells what it produces to foreign markets via export merchants (e.g., export trading companies) or export agents (e.g., export management companies) or a firms own sales branches.Risk of tariff devaluation.2Direct Investment Ownership Investment in production and or distribution facilities can occur either through a wholly-owned foreign subsidiary or a joint venture with a foreign company. Risk of nationalization.Joint Ventures domestic foreign firms become partners. Strategic Alliance a formal long-term agreement between firms in order to accomplish global objectives without formal ownership by either company. 3Contracting (Licensing, Franchising, Contract Manufacturing Management Contracting)Licensing = selling rights to name, process or patent for a fee or royalty; e.g., magazines such as Cosmopolitan Playboy; Ampex licensed VCR technology to Japan. Contract Manufacturing Domestic firm contracts with a foreign firm to do production; marketing is done by domestic firm. Management Contracting Seller provides management skills only; e.g., Hilton Hotels. 3 Major Risks In Intl Mktg:1Radical Change In Government a companys factories may be nationalized. 2Change In Export Rates foreign currency may be devalued; a firm may want to hedge with options. E.g., many tech firms hurt by Asian economic crisis.3Foreign Markets May Impose Tariffs, Taxes, Quotas On Your Product They do so to make imports more expensive relative to domestic goods. Words/ Pages : 498 / 24